| Propagation Model | Mathematical formulation | Description |
| Free space model |
| It is a mathematical model hardly applicable without considering the fading effect due to multi-path propagation. |
| Erceg’s suburban fixed model |
| It is based on extensive experimental data collected at 1.9 GHz in 95 macro cells of suburban areas across the United States. Very large cell size, base stations with high transmission power and higher antenna height. Subscriber stations are of very low mobility |
| Outdoor-to-indoor and pedestrian path-loss environment |
| Small cell size, base stations with low antenna heights and low transmission power are located outdoors while pedestrian users are located on streets and inside buildings and residences |
| Vehicular environment |
| Larger cells and higher transmitter power. All subscriber stations have a high mobility |
, Prx and Ptx are received power in watts, respectively; Grx and Gtx are the gain of the receiving and transmitting antennas, respectively; L is the system-loss factor.
, PL is the instantaneous attenuation in dB, H is the intercept and is given by free space path-loss at the desired frequency over a distance of d0 = 100 m. ã is a Gaussian random variable over the population of macro cells within each terrain category. Xf and Xh are the correlation factors of the model for the operating frequency and for the MS antenna height, respectively
PL is the instantaneous attenuation in dB, R is the distance between the base station and the mobile station in kilometers and f is the carrier frequency
R is the distance between the base station and the mobile station, f is the carrier frequency and
is the base station antenna height in meters